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Challenging Gender Boundaries: A Trans Biography Project A collection of biographies written by the students in Dr. Catherine Jacquet's trans*, gender non-conforming, and intersex history class. ← Alan L. Hart Table of Contents Christine Jorgensen →

A Brief Biography of Elagabalus: the transgender ruler of Rome
By Alexis Mijatovic
Elagabalus’ name is not quite as notorious as that of Nero and Caligula, or even Commodus, recently featured as the villain in Russell Crowe’s Gladiator. Like the three emperors mentioned above, Elagabalus has consistently been ranked among the worst and most depraved holders of the Imperial honor. Her reported atrocities and crimes however almost entirely fall under the categories of upsetting the gender, cultural and religious norms of Roman society. In this biography I will briefly narrate her life and evaluate what her contemporaries found so shocking about her. I will also show how examining her life and career can teach us much about the intersections of cultural conflict in ancient times and the lavish amount of attention transgender phenomenon have received since at least as long as history was recorded.



Name and Pronouns
First a note on name and pronouns: Historical sources uniformly refer to Elagabalus with male pronouns. The emperor is best known under this title (which is grammatically masculine) and she was assigned male at birth. I have decided to use female pronouns because, based on the evidence, this choice is just as valid as male pronouns. The three extant sources from antiquity, while they do contradict each other, still broadly concur that the sovereign did have very strong manifestations of cross-gender behavior. Telling aspects such as the story related by Dio Cassius that Elagabalus offered half the empire to the surgeon that would correct her genitalia seem to go far beyond merely scandalizing an effeminate monarch and more towards showing the desperation a transgender person might well feel in an age long before any methods were found to modify her body according to her desires.
Background
Elagabalus was born in the year 203 AD, and her brief reign occurred in the years 218-222 at the end of which she was killed. Well known through the ages, Elagabalus lived a very short but tumultuous life. Related to the family of Septimius Severus, Elagabalus was born into the highest level of privilege in Ancient Rome.
Elagabalus was inducted to the hereditary priesthood of the solar deity El Gabal, who was worshipped in her native city as the supreme deity. In a different approach to the Greeks and Romans who erected statues of their deities in their temples, El Gabal was worshiped in the form of a meteoric black stone. Elaborate ceremonies would mark this stone’s entry and brief residence in Rome.
Septimius Severus was a Roman general of North African origin who wrested the supreme power after the period of chaos that ensued from Commodus’ death (the son of one of the last of the “Five Good Emperors,” Marcus Aurelius). While Severus restored order to Rome, his stern and highly militaristic dictatorship undermined traditional Roman institutions (such as the Senate). Severus’ son, Caracalla was a ruthless tyrant, succeeding his father along with his brother Geta. The cleverly ruthless Caracalla killed the equally ruthless but clumsier Geta. Caracalla continued the militaristic dictatorship of Septimius Severus but was known for more erratic behavior. His most famous legal act was the widening of Roman citizenship to include virtually all free inhabitants of the Empire. This act helped further weaken the Roman tradition by weakening cultural and social distinctions. While this act seems appealing to modern sensibilities, it seems to have simply been a brazen ploy to increase tax revenues. Caracalla was killed by his soldiers in a plot, and the usurper Marcrinus (of commoner descent) took the throne for a brief period. The emergence of the military as the only legitimate source of power and the weakening of Roman tradition both became especially present in the Severan era and help us understand the context of Elagabalus’ brief reign.
Marcrinus’ welcome was quickly worn out when he attempted to reform the pay of the Roman legions to assist the solvency of the Empire. His attempted fiscal reforms angered the soldiers who, after overthrowing Caracalla, now missed that Emperor’s generous ways. The atmosphere all over Rome became very tense. Enter Julia Mamaea, the sister-in-law of Septimius Severus. She claimed that Elagabalus, the young child-priest, was the illegitimate son of Caracalla and this claim cemented that young person’s rise to the throne.
What makes Elagabalus rise to fame and power unusual was that the soldiers who had a chance to see her were entranced by her beauty as she danced ceremonies to El Gabal. All the ancient authors describe her sensuous robes that she wore while performing priestly duties. The fact that young boys could be sexually objectified and sexualized as much as women in the Classical world no doubt adds to Elagabalus’ ability to woo soldiers by dancing in luxurious robes and elaborate makeup rather than gain their respect with military feats in armor and sword.
Skilled generals and soldiers supported Elagabalus so Marcrinus’ forces were quickly defeated and the way was cleared for Elagabalus to reign.
Reign
The young Empress (for that is what she wanted to call herself) wasn’t used to the exercise of power. All the ancient sources agree that she made irresponsible appointments to the highest offices of government and religion. Herodian and the Historia Augusta salaciously assert that Elagabalus was in the habit of appointing ministers on account of the length of their penises.
The reign witnessed many actions that caused shock and offense to conservative Romans. Elagabalus married a vestal virgin, claiming, according to Herodian, that the priestly marriage would create divine children. Vestals’ chastity was very important to Roman religious practice and the punishment for violating chastity used to be execution by live burial. This marriage was thus an unprecedented violation akin to desecrating the Eucharist for observant Roman Catholics. Furthermore Elagabalus arranged a marriage between her deity El Gabal and Urania the goddess most worshiped in Carthage, which was the most ancient and hated enemy of Rome. In order to participate in her administration and gain Imperial favor, senators and other Roman dignitaries were forced to dress in un-Roman ways and to participate in elaborate sacrifices and other ceremonies.
The topic of Elagabalus’ genitalia comes up frequently. One way Greeks and Romans distinguished themselves from the near Eastern civilizations was that they did not practice and abhorred circumcision. The ancient sources claim that Elagabalus was circumcised as part of the requirements for the priestly profession and the later Historia Augusta even claims that her penis was infibulated (meaning that the head of the penis was divided in two.) Castration, according to Dio Cassius, was one of Elagabalus’ fondest desires, not out of religion but out of “effeminacy.” This last statement seems to very strongly indicate a condition that would today be called transsexualism.
The only symbols of Elagabalus reign that survive are precious metal coins and a very few examples of statuary. Many of the coins do indeed show the religious changes: displaying the meteoric stone of El Gabal and calling for that deity’s blessings. The statuary on the other hand shows a young man with hair cut in classic Roman style and thus seems designed to placate those of traditional feelings as it showed the young ruler as being similar in appearance to Caracalla and other Roman emperors. Some historians use this lack of archeological evidence to claim that Elagabalus cross gender behavior was greatly exaggerated or even simply made up to smear her. I think it is just as plausible that the fact that only gender normative visual records of Elagabalus survive shows that her sexual and gender variance was disapproved of and often hidden and can lead one to suppose that only images more respectable to Ancient Roman values were preserved, while evidence of cross gender behavior was effaced.
As Elagabalus’ standing decreased in the eyes of powerful Romans, she was forced to adopt her cousin Severus Alexander as a “son” and successor. Alexander was only four years younger! Meticulous care was taken to ensure that this boy was not corrupted by his eccentric cousin and was instead carefully reared according to the most conservative Greco-Roman values. Understanding quickly that Alexander was a threat, Elagabalus sought to remove him but the ploy failed and when coming to appear before the camp of the Praetorian guards, Elagabalus was murdered along with her mother. Their mutilated bodies were carried through the streets and then thrown into the Tiber as if to wash away the upset that came upon the Roman world.
Legacy
After Elagabalus’ reign, women were never allowed to enter the building where the Senate was convened. Her establishment of a “women’s senate” was considered one of the many examples of Elagabalus’ depravity. The fact that women like her grandmother, mother, and aunt wielded significant power and influence was also condemned by writers with deep patriarchal values. Care was taken to erase Elagabalus from the historical record like other Roman emperors that were considered tyrants in a process called damnatio memoriae. Elagabalus was used by subsequent historians, Roman and post-Roman, as an example of one of the worst rulers ever.
Transgender behavior existed in Rome before and after Elagabalus. Transgender practice was tolerated and even sometimes respected by the Roman populace when it was practiced by the male-born priestesses of Cybele, known as the Gallae. These women would celebrate a taurobolium which (originally meant to be the castration of a bull) was a castration ceremony where someone formally defined as male would lose their genitalia, bleed like in menstruation or childbirth, and then subsequently wear women’s clothing and go by female names. Like other cultural practices this was a highly ritualistic and mystical understanding of gender identity. Rome was a vast empire and culturally diverse empire and in some respects it can be said a marketplace of religions existed. A male-born person with strong cross gender identification could potentially seek out the local Gallae temple to Cybele and have herself castrated, both to please her goddess and also perhaps to fix a deep inadequate feeling toward her own anatomy.
The Gallae however, existed somewhat on the periphery of Roman society. While Roman polytheism greatly revered the Goddess Cybele as a very important goddess, her worship was not considered Roman and was not integrated with traditional Roman practice. For a brief span that didn’t exceed four years, however, a radical transgender and religious experiment was imposed on the Roman world by a passionate young person known as Elagabalus. It is a mistake to suppose that Elagabalus had goals akin to contemporary understandings of feminism and gender theory: Elagabalus was a product of her own time and place and the social structures in force at the time ensured her rise to power. Transgender people and phenomena have always existed but for once a person of strong gender variance caused a deep upset in an ancient culture.


http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/elagabalus


Challenging Gender Boundaries: A Trans Biography Project Оспаривание Пол границ: Транс Биография Проект

A collection of biographies written by the students in Dr. Catherine Jacquet's trans*, gender non-conforming, and intersex history class. Коллекция биографий, написанных студентами в транс * д-р Катрин Жаке, пол не соответствующим установленным требованиям, а также истории интерсексуалами класса. Alan L. Hart Алан Харт Table of Contents Содержание Christine Jorgensen Кристин Йоргенсен

Краткая биография Элагабала: трансгендерное правителем Рима

Алексис Миятович

Название Elagabalus 'не совсем так, как пресловутая Нерона и Калигулы, или даже Коммода, недавно показанный в качестве злодея в фильме Гладиатор Рассел Кроу. Like the three emperors mentioned above, Elagabalus has consistently been ranked among the worst and most depraved holders of the Imperial honor. Подобно трех императоров, упомянутых выше, Elagabalus неизменно занимает первое место среди худших и наиболее развращенных держателей императорской чести. Her reported atrocities and crimes however almost entirely fall under the categories of upsetting the gender, cultural and religious norms of Roman society. Ее сообщили зверства и преступления, однако, почти полностью подпадают под категории расшатать гендерные, культурные и религиозные нормы римского общества. In this biography I will briefly narrate her life and evaluate what her contemporaries found so shocking about her. В этой биографии я кратко рассказать свою жизнь и оценить, что нашел настолько шокирующим о ней ее современники. I will also show how examining her life and career can teach us much about the intersections of cultural conflict in ancient times and the lavish amount of attention transgender phenomenon have received since at least as long as history was recorded. Я также покажу, как изучение ее жизни и карьере может научить нас много о пересечениях культурного конфликта в древности и щедрых количество внимания транссексуалов явления получили, так как, по крайней мере до тех пор, как история была записана.



Name and Pronouns Имя и местоимения
First a note on name and pronouns: Historical sources uniformly refer to Elagabalus with male pronouns. Во-первых примечание о имени и местоимений: Исторические источники равномерно относятся к Элагабала с мужскими местоимениями. The emperor is best known under this title (which is grammatically masculine) and she was assigned male at birth. Император лучше всего известен под этим названием (который является грамматически мужского рода), и она была назначена мужчина при рождении. I have decided to use female pronouns because, based on the evidence, this choice is just as valid as male pronouns. Я решил использовать женские местоимений, потому что, основываясь на доказательствах, этот выбор является столь же действительным, как мужских местоимений. The three extant sources from antiquity, while they do contradict each other, still broadly concur that the sovereign did have very strong manifestations of cross-gender behavior. Три из дошедших до нас источников от античности, в то время как они делают противоречат друг другу, по-прежнему широко сходятся во мнении, что государь действительно были очень сильные проявления кросс-гендерного поведения. Telling aspects such as the story related by Dio Cassius that Elagabalus offered half the empire to the surgeon that would correct her genitalia seem to go far beyond merely scandalizing an effeminate monarch and more towards showing the desperation a transgender person might well feel in an age long before any methods were found to modify her body according to her desires. Рассказывая такие аспекты, как истории, связанные с Диона Кассия, что Elagabalus предложил половину империи к хирургу, что бы исправить ее гениталии, кажется, выходят далеко за рамки просто scandalizing женоподобный монарха и больше в сторону, показывая отчаянное транссексуалов человек может хорошо чувствовать себя в эпоху длительного прежде, чем были найдены какие-либо методы, чтобы изменить ее тело в соответствии с ее желаниями.

Background Задний план
Elagabalus was born in the year 203 AD, and her brief reign occurred in the years 218-222 at the end of which she was killed. Elagabalus родился в год 203 н.э., а ее краткое правление произошло в годы 218-222 в конце которого она была убита. Well known through the ages, Elagabalus lived a very short but tumultuous life. Хорошо известно, на протяжении веков, Elagabalus жил очень короткий, но бурную жизнь. Related to the family of Septimius Severus, Elagabalus was born into the highest level of privilege in Ancient Rome. Относится к семье Септимия Севера, Elagabalus родился в самый высокий уровень привилегий в Древнем Риме.
Elagabalus was inducted to the hereditary priesthood of the solar deity El Gabal, who was worshipped in her native city as the supreme deity. Elagabalus был введен к наследственным священством солнечного божества Эль Gabal, которому поклонялись в своем родном городе в качестве верховного божества. In a different approach to the Greeks and Romans who erected statues of their deities in their temples, El Gabal was worshiped in the form of a meteoric black stone. В другом подходе к грекам и римлянам, которые возведены статуи своих богов в своих храмах, Эль-Gabal поклонялись в виде метеоритного черного камня. Elaborate ceremonies would mark this stone's entry and brief residence in Rome. Сложные церемонии будет означать вступление этого камня и краткое место жительства в Риме.

Septimius Severus was a Roman general of North African origin who wrested the supreme power after the period of chaos that ensued from Commodus' death (the son of one of the last of the “Five Good Emperors,” Marcus Aurelius). Септимий Север был римским генералом североафриканского происхождения, которые вырвали верховную власть после периода хаоса, последовавшего от смерти Коммода '(сын одного из последних из "пяти хороших императоров" Марк Аврелий). While Severus restored order to Rome, his stern and highly militaristic dictatorship undermined traditional Roman institutions (such as the Senate). В то время как Северус восстановил порядок в Рим, его строгий и очень милитаристская диктатура подорвали традиционные римские институты (такие как Сенат). Severus' son, Caracalla was a ruthless tyrant, succeeding his father along with his brother Geta. сын Северуса, Каракаллы был безжалостным тираном, сменив своего отца вместе со своим братом Джета. The cleverly ruthless Caracalla killed the equally ruthless but clumsier Geta. Ловко безжалостным Каракалла убил столь же безжалостным, но неуклюж Гета. Caracalla continued the militaristic dictatorship of Septimius Severus but was known for more erratic behavior. Каракалла продолжал милитаристскую диктатуру Септимия Севера, но был известен более неустойчивого поведения. His most famous legal act was the widening of Roman citizenship to include virtually all free inhabitants of the Empire. Его самым известным правовым актом было расширение римского гражданства включает практически всех свободных жителей империи. This act helped further weaken the Roman tradition by weakening cultural and social distinctions. Этот акт способствовало дальнейшему ослаблению римской традиции, ослабив культурные и социальные различия. While this act seems appealing to modern sensibilities, it seems to have simply been a brazen ploy to increase tax revenues. В то время как этот поступок кажется привлекательной для современной чувствительности, это, кажется, просто был наглым уловкой с целью увеличения налоговых поступлений. Caracalla was killed by his soldiers in a plot, and the usurper Marcrinus (of commoner descent) took the throne for a brief period. Каракалла был убит своими солдатами в заговоре, а узурпатор Marcrinus (из простолюдина происхождения) занял трон в течение короткого периода. The emergence of the military as the only legitimate source of power and the weakening of Roman tradition both became especially present in the Severan era and help us understand the context of Elagabalus' brief reign. Появление военных в качестве единственного законного источника власти и ослабления римской традиции как стало особенно присутствует в Severan эпохи и помогают нам понять контекст короткого правления Elagabalus '.
Marcrinus' welcome was quickly worn out when he attempted to reform the pay of the Roman legions to assist the solvency of the Empire. Добро пожаловать Marcrinus 'быстро износились, когда он пытался реформировать зарплату римских легионов, чтобы помочь кредитоспособность Империи. His attempted fiscal reforms angered the soldiers who, after overthrowing Caracalla, now missed that Emperor's generous ways. Его попытки фискальных реформ разозлило солдат, которые, свергнув Каракалла, теперь непринятых, что щедрые способы Императора. The atmosphere all over Rome became very tense. Атмосфера во всем Риме стала очень напряженной. Enter Julia Mamaea, the sister-in-law of Septimius Severus. Введите Юлия Mamaea, сестра в законе Септимия Севера. She claimed that Elagabalus, the young child-priest, was the illegitimate son of Caracalla and this claim cemented that young person's rise to the throne. Она утверждала, что Elagabalus, Младенец-священник, был незаконнорожденным сыном Каракаллы и это утверждение закрепила, что подъем молодого человека на трон.
What makes Elagabalus rise to fame and power unusual was that the soldiers who had a chance to see her were entranced by her beauty as she danced ceremonies to El Gabal. То, что делает Elagabalus подняться к славе и власти необычным было то, что солдаты, которые имели возможность увидеть ее были очарованы ее красотой, как она танцевала церемонии в Эль-Габале. All the ancient authors describe her sensuous robes that she wore while performing priestly duties. Все древние авторы описывают ее чувственные робы, что она носила во время выполнения священнические обязанности. The fact that young boys could be sexually objectified and sexualized as much as women in the Classical world no doubt adds to Elagabalus' ability to woo soldiers by dancing in luxurious robes and elaborate makeup rather than gain their respect with military feats in armor and sword. Тот факт, что молодые мальчики могли быть сексуально конкретизированы и сексуализированное столько же, сколько женщин в классическом мире, без сомнения добавляет способности Elagabalus 'посвататься солдат, танцуя в роскошных одеждах и сложный макияж, а не получить их уважение с военными подвигами в доспехи и меч.
Skilled generals and soldiers supported Elagabalus so Marcrinus' forces were quickly defeated and the way was cleared for Elagabalus to reign. Опытные генералы и солдаты поддержали Elagabalus так силы Marcrinus 'были быстро разбиты и путь был очищен для Elagabalus царствовать.
Reign царствовать
The young Empress (for that is what she wanted to call herself) wasn't used to the exercise of power. Молодой Императрица (потому что это то, что она хотела назвать себя) не был использован для осуществления власти. All the ancient sources agree that she made irresponsible appointments to the highest offices of government and religion. Все древние источники соглашаются, что она делала безответственные назначения на высшие должности государственной власти и религии. Herodian and the Historia Augusta salaciously assert that Elagabalus was in the habit of appointing ministers on account of the length of their penises. Ирода и Historia Augusta развратно утверждают, что Elagabalus был в привычку назначать министров на счет длины пенисов.
The reign witnessed many actions that caused shock and offense to conservative Romans. Царствование свидетелем многих действий, которые вызвали шок и обиду консервативных римлян. Elagabalus married a vestal virgin, claiming, according to Herodian, that the priestly marriage would create divine children. Elagabalus женился на весталкой, утверждая, что, согласно Геродиана, что священническое брак будет создавать божественные детей. Vestals' chastity was very important to Roman religious practice and the punishment for violating chastity used to be execution by live burial. целомудрие весталок "была очень важна для римской религиозной практики и наказания за нарушение целомудрия имел обыкновение быть выполнение живыми захоронении. This marriage was thus an unprecedented violation akin to desecrating the Eucharist for observant Roman Catholics. Таким образом, этот брак был беспрецедентным нарушением сродни осквернении Евхаристии для соблюдающих римских католиков. Furthermore Elagabalus arranged a marriage between her deity El Gabal and Urania the goddess most worshiped in Carthage, which was the most ancient and hated enemy of Rome. Кроме того Elagabalus устроил брак между ее божеству Эль Gabal и Урания богини наиболее почитаемого в Карфагене, который был самым древним и ненавистный враг Рима. In order to participate in her administration and gain Imperial favor, senators and other Roman dignitaries were forced to dress in un-Roman ways and to participate in elaborate sacrifices and other ceremonies. Для того, чтобы принять участие в ее управлении и получить императорскую милость, сенаторы и другие римские сановники были вынуждены одеваться в оон-римской пути и принять участие в сложные жертвоприношения и другие обряды.
The topic of Elagabalus' genitalia comes up frequently. Тема гениталий Elagabalus 'приходит часто. One way Greeks and Romans distinguished themselves from the near Eastern civilizations was that they did not practice and abhorred circumcision. Один из способов греков и римлян отличились от ближних восточных цивилизаций в том, что они не практикуют и презрел обрезанию. The ancient sources claim that Elagabalus was circumcised as part of the requirements for the priestly profession and the later Historia Augusta even claims that her penis was infibulated (meaning that the head of the penis was divided in two.) Castration, according to Dio Cassius, was one of Elagabalus' fondest desires, not out of religion but out of “effeminacy.” This last statement seems to very strongly indicate a condition that would today be called transsexualism. Древние источники утверждают, что Elagabalus был обрезан в рамках требований, предъявляемых к жреческой профессии и позже Historia Augusta даже утверждает, что ее член был инфибулированных (это означает, что головка члена была разделена на две части.) Кастрации, по словам Диона Кассия, был одним из заветных желаний Elagabalus ", а не из религии, а из" изнеженности. "Это последнее утверждение, кажется, очень сильно указывают на условие, которое сегодня назвали бы транссексуализм.
The only symbols of Elagabalus reign that survive are precious metal coins and a very few examples of statuary. Только символы Элагабала правления, которые выживают из драгоценных металлов, монеты и очень мало примеров скульптурами. Many of the coins do indeed show the religious changes: displaying the meteoric stone of El Gabal and calling for that deity's blessings. Многие из монет действительно показывают религиозные изменения: отображение метеорный камень Эль Габале и призывая благословения, которые божества. The statuary on the other hand shows a young man with hair cut in classic Roman style and thus seems designed to placate those of traditional feelings as it showed the young ruler as being similar in appearance to Caracalla and other Roman emperors. Статуэток с другой стороны, показывает, молодой человек с волосами вырезать в классическом римском стиле, и, таким образом, кажется, предназначен, чтобы успокоить тех традиционных чувств, как он показал молодого правителя как аналогичные по своему внешнему виду Каракаллы и других римских императоров. Some historians use this lack of archeological evidence to claim that Elagabalus cross gender behavior was greatly exaggerated or even simply made up to smear her. Некоторые историки используют этот недостаток археологических свидетельств, чтобы утверждать, что Elagabalus крест гендерное поведение было сильно преувеличены или даже просто доливают до намазать ее. I think it is just as plausible that the fact that only gender normative visual records of Elagabalus survive shows that her sexual and gender variance was disapproved of and often hidden and can lead one to suppose that only images more respectable to Ancient Roman values were preserved, while evidence of cross gender behavior was effaced. Я думаю, что это так же правдоподобно, что тот факт, что только гендерные нормативное визуальные записи Элагабала выжить, показывает, что ее сексуальная и Трансгендерность была не одобрял и часто скрыты и могут привести один предположить, что только изображения, более респектабельные для древних римских ценностей были сохранены, в то время как доказательства перекрестного гендерного поведения была стерта.
As Elagabalus' standing decreased in the eyes of powerful Romans, she was forced to adopt her cousin Severus Alexander as a “son” and successor. Как стоять Elagabalus снизилась в глазах могущественных римлян, она была вынуждена принять ее двоюродный брат Александр Северус как «сын» и преемник. Alexander was only four years younger! Александр был всего на четыре года моложе! Meticulous care was taken to ensure that this boy was not corrupted by his eccentric cousin and was instead carefully reared according to the most conservative Greco-Roman values. Тщательное внимание было принято, чтобы гарантировать, что этот мальчик не был поврежден его эксцентричного кузена и вместо того, чтобы тщательно воспитан по самым скромным греко-римских ценностей. Understanding quickly that Alexander was a threat, Elagabalus sought to remove him but the ploy failed and when coming to appear before the camp of the Praetorian guards, Elagabalus was murdered along with her mother. Понимание того быстро, что Александр был угрозой, Elagabalus стремился отстранить его, но уловкой не удалось, и когда приходят предстать перед стан преторианцев, Elagabalus был убит вместе со своей матерью. Their mutilated bodies were carried through the streets and then thrown into the Tiber as if to wash away the upset that came upon the Roman world. Их изуродованные тела были проведены по улицам, а затем бросили в Тибр, как будто, чтобы смыть расстройство, которое пришло на римском мире.
Legacy наследие
After Elagabalus' reign, women were never allowed to enter the building where the Senate was convened. После правления Elagabalus ', женщины никогда не позволяли войти в здание, где сенат был созван. Her establishment of a “women's senate” was considered one of the many examples of Elagabalus' depravity. Ее создание «женского сенате» считался одним из многих примеров развращенности Elagabalus '. The fact that women like her grandmother, mother, and aunt wielded significant power and influence was also condemned by writers with deep patriarchal values. Тот факт, что женщины, как ее бабушка, мать и тетки обладал значительной властью и влиянием также осуждается писателей с глубокими патриархальными ценностями. Care was taken to erase Elagabalus from the historical record like other Roman emperors that were considered tyrants in a process called damnatio memoriae. Были приняты меры, чтобы стереть Elagabalus с исторической записи, как и другие римских императоров, которые считались тиранов в процессе, называемом damnatio memoriae. Elagabalus was used by subsequent historians, Roman and post-Roman, as an example of one of the worst rulers ever. Elagabalus использовался последующими историками, римской и пост-римской, в качестве примера одного из самых худших правителей когда-либо.
Transgender behavior existed in Rome before and after Elagabalus. поведение Трансгендер существовали в Риме до и после Элагабала. Transgender practice was tolerated and even sometimes respected by the Roman populace when it was practiced by the male-born priestesses of Cybele, known as the Gallae. Трансгендер практика переносится и даже иногда уважали римского населения, когда оно практиковалось мужскими происхождения жриц Кибелы, известный как Gallae. These women would celebrate a taurobolium which (originally meant to be the castration of a bull) was a castration ceremony where someone formally defined as male would lose their genitalia, bleed like in menstruation or childbirth, and then subsequently wear women's clothing and go by female names. Эти женщины будут праздновать тавроболий, который (первоначально означало быть кастрация быка) была церемония кастрации, где кто-то формально определяется как мужчина потеряет свои половые органы, кровотечение, как менструации или родов, а затем впоследствии носить женскую одежду и идут самки имена. Like other cultural practices this was a highly ritualistic and mystical understanding of gender identity. Как и другие культурные практики это было в высшей степени ритуальный и мистическое понимание гендерной идентичности. Rome was a vast empire and culturally diverse empire and in some respects it can be said a marketplace of religions existed. Рим был обширной империей и культурное разнообразие империи и в некоторых отношениях можно сказать, это рынок религий существовало. A male-born person with strong cross gender identification could potentially seek out the local Gallae temple to Cybele and have herself castrated, both to please her goddess and also perhaps to fix a deep inadequate feeling toward her own anatomy. Мужчина-рожденный человек с сильной перекрестной идентификации пола потенциально могут искать местный храм Gallae к Кибелы и сама кастрируют, как порадовать ее богиней, а также, возможно, исправить глубоко неадекватной чувство к своей собственной анатомии.
The Gallae however, existed somewhat on the periphery of Roman society. Gallae однако, существует несколько на периферии римского общества. While Roman polytheism greatly revered the Goddess Cybele as a very important goddess, her worship was not considered Roman and was not integrated with traditional Roman practice. В то время как Роман многобожие сильно почитали богини Кибелы как очень важная богиня, ее культ не считалась римской и не была интегрирована с традиционной римской практике. For a brief span that didn't exceed four years, however, a radical transgender and religious experiment was imposed on the Roman world by a passionate young person known as Elagabalus. За короткий промежуток, который не превышал четырех лет, однако, радикальным транссексуалов и религиозный эксперимент был наложен на римский мир страстной молодого человека, известного как Элагабала. It is a mistake to suppose that Elagabalus had goals akin to contemporary understandings of feminism and gender theory: Elagabalus was a product of her own time and place and the social structures in force at the time ensured her rise to power. Это ошибка полагать, что Elagabalus были цели сродни современным пониманием феминизма и гендерной теории: Elagabalus был продуктом своего собственного места и времени и социальных структур, действующих на время обеспечили ее приход к власти. Transgender people and phenomena have always existed but for once a person of strong gender variance caused a deep upset in an ancient culture. Транссексуалы и явления всегда существовали, но на этот раз человек сильного пола дисперсии вызвало глубокое расстройство в древней культуре.



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